PROTECTING WILDLIFE AND HUMAN LIFE

The question of whether animals have superior rights than humans has for years sparked a wider discussion among communities in the country, particularly following frequent accusations of violent acts of game rangers, who are alleged to have killed some poachers in cold blood in some game reserves around the country.

Concerns have also been raised regarding allegations levelled against game rangers in certain national game reserves, claiming that they have killed community members who were merely found walking near the boundaries of these reserves. The crucial question is: Should or rather, do game rangers have the authority to use lethal force, especially without any warning in these circumstances as persistently alleged by members of communities situated near game reserves in some parts of the country? Before I proceed, it would be proper for me to mention some previous incidents of killings allegedly committed by some game rangers in the country’s game parks.

One local publication recently reported that a man was reportedly shot on May 26, 2024, in the afternoon near Tikhuba in the Lubombo Region. At the time of the incident, he was said to be walking with his father outside the fence of a private farm while carrying a firearm. The deceased’s relatives contested the claims by the game park’s rangers that they (father and son) were poaching, arguing that the game rangers had no evidence to support such allegations, aside from the firearm, which was later taken by the police as evidence.The possession of the rifle led to the arrest of the victim’s father, who faced charges after admitting to the rangers and police that the firearm belonged to him, although they had no intention of using it for poaching.

Family members of the victim, who spoke to the publication, claimed that the rangers employed by a nearby private farm were seemingly instructed to shoot to kill on sight, regardless of whether the suspected poachers were inside or outside the farm’s boundaries. They further alleged that the rangers often shot first and asked questions later, contributing to a rising death toll of 17 over the past few years. Residents in the area were now allegedly living in fear, as many of those killed by the rangers were shot outside the farm’s premises. The publication also reported that a concern on the increasing number of shootings by rangers was recently revealed by one parliamentarian under the Matsanjeni North Constituency, who alleged that about 17 people in his area had been shot and killed by rangers in game reserves in the past year.

This was during the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs Senate Portfolio Committee’s first quarter debate chaired by Senator Lorraine Nxumalo. The debate about the seemingly controversial actions of rangers in their line of duty exerts intense pressure on all concerned to explore several ethical, practical and other issues over this contentious issue. It is of vital importance to interrogate this questionable issue and find lasting solutions to it or else it has the potential to escalate into something too ghastly to contemplate in the near future.
Inherent to these debates is the question of what constitute a right and who possesses rights.

Inviolable

Human rights are traditionally viewed as superior, sacrosanct and inviolable, based upon the purported nature of human cognitive capacity, moral reasoning and social systems which allow for some form of benefit and moral consideration. On the other hand, amongst the growing awareness of animal intelligence and emotional capacity, there is contention that animals, especially those under threat of extinction or exposed to suffering from human activity, merit a higher moral status and consequently protection.The burning question asked by many is: is it ethical to value animal lives more than those of humans?

Without any shadow of doubt, poachers are a danger and threat to wildlife - so are those game rangers who shoot to kill people suspected of poaching, and only ask questions later. Granted, we cannot run away from the fact that poachers definitely contribute to the demise of endangered species. Protected game like elephants and rhinoceros are more often than not targeted and brutally killed by poachers specifically for their priceless tusks. In numerous games reserves globally, the numbers of endangered species are dwindling at an alarming rate and it is crucial to protect them.

Our country Eswatini is a country known for its rich biodiversity and conservation efforts. Like many other countries in the African continent and abroad, our country faces the challenging task of protecting its wildlife, while also ensuring the safety and rights of its citizens. While the protection of endangered species and ecosystems is undoubtedly crucial, the importance and loss of human lives cannot be overemphasised, ignored or dismissed.

Striking

It is important to understand that protecting human life and protecting animal rights can and, in numerous instances, does go hand in hand. Both are crucial to a sustainable approach to conservation. Striking a balance between these conflicting goals requires sane minds free from emotional reactions. Thoughtfulness, compassion and employing effective strategies in achieving a mutual understanding and trust are important.

An important part of achieving this balance is ensuring that game rangers are adequately trained in non-lethal techniques in order for them to handle hostile situations posed by poachers. By providing game rangers with intensive as well as comprehensive training in conflict resolution, mitigation techniques and non-lethal prevention, the country can reduce the need for lethal force while properly caring for animals. By investing in the education and training of game rangers, they can be able to eliminate problems and enforce laws without the use of excessive - and deadly force.

The involvement of communities is crucial in these strategies and encouraging cooperation to build mutual respect for human life and animal rights is vital. We need to understand that game reserves are mostly situated in rural areas where numerous people live in dire poverty and face challenges in putting food on the table for their families. Faced with hunger, community members can and do have the propensity to fall into the temptation of hunting game in protected wildlife parks, thus breaking the law. Building strong relationships between local communities and conservation authorities can lead to greater control over animal protection. Involving communities in conservation efforts, promoting and providing alternative livelihoods can greatly help reduce the temptation to break the law while addressing the needs and concerns of local residents.

The involvement of government and other key stakeholders in addition to traditional structures, in establishing legal and administrative policies are key to creating a framework that balances human well-being and animal rights. By adopting and implementing laws that clarify the rights and responsibilities of all parties involved in land conservation, our country can create a legal basis for respect for human life - and a priority to protect wildlife without the unethical taking away of human lives.

It is also crucial to establish clear protocols for handling poachers rather than resort to use of maximum force to punish even others found walking past these protected areas. Community members are first and foremost, human beings and, secondly, fellow emaSwati. Shooting to kill -without consideration of the right to life - as a deterrent for poaching is inhumane and a violation of the constitutional right to life of citizens.

Communities

These often unwarranted killings create enmity between game rangers and communities which has the propensity to escalate to a full-blown conflict where lives can even be lost.
Perhaps, it would be proper for me to quote the constitutional clause that mentions the right to life. Chapter 3, section 15 of the country’s Constitution states: “A person shall not be deprived of life intentionally save in the execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence under the law of Swaziland of which that person has been convicted.” It is crucial that transparency and accountability in the work of conservation agencies exist in to build trust and fostering a culture of responsible actions. It is also important to adopt a multifaceted and inclusive approach in order to preserve human life as well as animal rights.

This is a challenge that requires inclusivity of all key players - including poachers themselves. By embracing education, community engagement, legislative action and ethical guidelines, Eswatini can work towards a harmonious coexistence where both human and animal lives are valued and protected. Only through a united, thoughtful effort can we find a sustainable balance that ensures the well-being of all communities living near game reserves - and wildlife - in the beautiful landscapes of Eswatini. This can be achieved if we let go of arrogant attitudes and stop prioritising the lives of animals over those of humans.

Now, let’s consider the other side of the issue. What challenges do game rangers encounter in their work? Should they resort to maximum force when faced with life-threatening situations? Is it logical for them to use minimum force even when their lives are at risk? It is important to acknowledge the significant role that rangers play in safeguarding wildlife from poaching, despite the considerable risks associated with their work. These officers face real threats from poachers leading to ongoing debates regarding the use of lethal force for self-defence and the protection of wildlife.

The environment they work in is undoubtedly hectic and perilous. They are responsible for caring for dangerous and unpredictable animals that often act on instinct. Additionally, they must remain vigilant, not only for the safety of the wildlife but also for their own lives, which can be threatened by poachers. When patrolling remote and often perilous areas of game reserves, chances of discovering poachers are always a reality. They often confront poachers who are prepared to resort to violence to evade capture and persist in their illegal activities.
Poachers are frequently armed with advanced weaponry, which heightens the vulnerability of rangers and complicates their duties.

The legitimacy of game reserves authority in defending themselves in these situations is a contentious issue that warrants careful consideration of both perspectives. On one hand, the lives of rangers are at stake, granting them the right to defend themselves against potential threats. On the other hand, the sanctity of human life has to be considered. According to an article that was published in this publication last week, game rangers have been killed in the past by poachers. This fact is often overlooked by the public.

Appropriate

Like any individuals facing life-threatening situations, rangers should be permitted to employ reasonable and appropriate force for their protection. The use of lethal force should be regarded as a last resort, aimed at preventing the killing of animals by poachers and ensuring maintaining conservation efforts. By deterring poachers through the potential use of force, rangers can protect numerous animals and their habitats. However, while rangers bear the responsibility of safeguarding both themselves and wildlife, the choice to resort to lethal force must be approached with caution and only after all alternative measures have been considered. The potential for unintended harm and loss of human life is a serious concern that should not be overlooked. It is crucial to equip officers with the necessary skills to accurately evaluate threats and make informed decisions under pressure.

Adequate training can mitigate the risk of unwarranted violence and ensure that such measures are truly a last resort. While the right to self-defense is indisputable, the application of lethal force must be exercised with prudence and a deep respect for human life.  Achieving a balance between upholding legal and ethical standards while protecting both rangers and wildlife is essential. In conclusion, the challenges faced by game rangers in dealing with armed poachers are undeniable. While the use of lethal force may be justified in certain circumstances, it should be accompanied by stringent guidelines, comprehensive training, and a commitment to prioritising non-violent solutions whenever possible. By addressing these complexities, we can ensure the safety of rangers and the wildlife they work tirelessly to protect.
Peace! Shalom! Have a great day and week ahead.

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